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Final Electrical Specifications
FEATURES
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LT1769 Constant-Current/ Constant-Voltage 2A Battery Charger with Input Current Limiting March 1999 DESCRIPTION
The LT(R)1769 current mode PWM battery charger is the simplest, most efficient solution to fast charge modern rechargeable batteries including lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickelmetal-hydride (NiMH) and nickel-cadmium (NiCd) that require constant-current and/or constant-voltage charging. The internal switch is capable of delivering 2A** DC current (3A peak current). Full-charging current can be programmed by resistors or a DAC to within 5%. With 0.5% reference voltage accuracy, the LT1769 meets the critical constant-voltage charging requirement for Li-Ion cells. A third control loop is provided to regulate the current drawn from the AC adapter. This allows simultaneous operation of the equipment and battery charging without overloading the adapter. Charging current is reduced to keep the adapter current within specified levels. The LT1769 can charge batteries ranging from 1V to 20V. Ground sensing of current is not required and the battery's negative terminal can be tied directly to ground. A saturating switch running at 200kHz gives high charging efficiency and small inductor size. A blocking diode is not required between the chip and the battery because the chip goes into sleep mode and drains only 3A when the wall adapter is unplugged.
R7 500 GND SW BOOST LT1769 COMP1 200pF SPIN OVP SENSE UV PROG VC BAT RS2 200 1% R3 390k 0.25% BATTERY VOLTAGE SENSE R4 162k 0.25% 0.33F 300 CPROG 1F RPROG 4.93k 1% CLP CLN VCC C1 1F D3 MBRS130LT3 RS4 ADAPTER CURRENT SENSE VIN (ADAPTER INPUT) 11V TO 28V TO MAIN SYSTEM POWER R5 UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT R6 5k
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s s s s s s s s
Simple Design to Charge NiCd, NiMH and Lithium Rechargeable Batteries--Charging Current Programmed by Resistors or DAC Adapter Current Limit Allows Maximum Possible Charging Current During System Use* Precision 0.5% Accuracy for Voltage Mode Charging High Efficiency Current Mode PWM with 3A Internal Switch 5% Charging Current Accuracy Adjustable Undervoltage Lockout Automatic Shutdown When AC Adapter is Removed Low Reverse Battery Drain Current: 3A Current Sensing Can Be at Either Terminal of the Battery Charging Current Soft Start Shutdown Control Available in 28-Lead Narrow SSOP Package
APPLICATIONS
s s
Chargers for NiCd, NiMH, Lead-Acid, Lithium Rechargeable Batteries Switching Regulators with Precision Current Limit
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. *US patent number 5,723,970 **See LT1510 for 1.5A Charger
TYPICAL APPLICATION
D1 MBRS130LT3 L1** 22H D2 4148 C2 0.47F
+
CIN* 15F
NOTE: COMPLETE LITHIUM-ION CHARGER, NO TERMINATION REQUIRED. RS4, R7 AND C1 ARE OPTIONAL FOR IIN LIMITING *TOKIN OR UNITED CHEMI-CON/MARCON CERAMIC SURFACE MOUNT **22H SUMIDA CDRH125 SEE APPLICATIONS INFORMATION FOR INPUT CURRENT LIMIT AND UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT
RS3 200 1%
RS1 0.05 BATTERY CURRENT SENSE
+
COUT 22F TANT
Figure 1. 2A Lithium-Ion Battery Charger
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
U
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U
+ 4.2V +
4.2V
VBAT 2 Li-Ion
1511 * F01
1
LT1769
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
(Note 1)
PACKAGE/ORDER INFORMATION
TOP VIEW GND** GND** GND** SW BOOST UV GND** GND** OVP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28 GND** 27 GND** 26 GND** 25 VCC1* 24 VCC2* 23 VCC3* 22 GND** 21 PROG 20 VC 19 UVOUT 18 COMP2 17 BAT 16 SPIN 15 GND**
*ALL VCC PINS SHOULD BE CONNECTED TOGETHER CLOSE TO THE PINS ** ALL GND PINS ARE FUSED TO INTERNAL DIE ATTACH PADDLE FOR HEAT SINKING. CONNECT THESE PINS TO EXPANDED PC LANDS FOR PROPER HEAT SINKING. 35C/W THERMAL RESISTANCE ASSUMES AN INTERNAL GROUND PLANE DOUBLING AS A HEAT SPREADER
Supply Voltage (VMAX, CLP and CLN Pin Voltage) ...................... 30V Switch Voltage with Respect to GND ...................... - 3V Boost Pin Voltage with Respect to VCC ................... 25V Boost Pin Voltage with Respect to GND ................. 57V Boost Pin Voltage with Respect to SW Pin .............. 30V VC, PROG, OVP Pin Voltage ...................................... 8V IBAT (Average)........................................................... 2A Switch Current (Peak) .............................................. 3A Operating Junction Temperature Range Commercial ........................................... 0C to 125C Industrial ......................................... - 40C to 125C Operating Ambient Temperature Commercial ............................................ 0C to 70C Industrial ........................................... - 40C to 85C Storage Temperature Range ................. - 65C to 150C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................. 300C
ORDER PART NUMBER LT1769CGN LT1769IGN
CLP 10 CLN 11 COMP1 12 SENSE 13 GND** 14
GN PACKAGE 28-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP
TJMAX = 125C, JA = 35C/ W**
Consult factory for Military grade parts.
The q denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. VCC = 16V, VBAT = 8V, VMAX (maximum operating VCC) = 28V, RS2 = RS3 = 200 (see Block Diagram), VCLN = VCC. No load on any outputs unless otherwise noted.
PARAMETER Overall Supply Current Sense Amplifier CA1 Gain and Input Offset Voltage (With RS2 = 200, RS3 = 200) (Measured across RS1)(Note 2) VPROG = 2.7V, VCC 20V VPROG = 2.7V, 20V < VCC 25V 8V VCC 25V , 0V VBAT 20V RPROG = 4.93k RPROG = 49.3k TJ < 0C VCC = 28V, VBAT = 20V RPROG = 4.93k RPROG = 49.3k TJ < 0C Measured at UV Pin 0.2V VUV 8V In Undervoltage State, IUVOUT = 70A 8V VUV, VUVOUT = 5V VBAT 20V, VUV 0.4V
q q q q
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
4.5 4.6 95 8 7 90 7 6 6 7 0.1 0.1 0.1 3 100 10
6.8 7.0 105 12 12 110 13 14 8 5 0.5 3 15
q q q q q q
VCC Undervoltage Lockout (Switch OFF) Threshold UV Pin Input Current UV Output Voltage at UVOUT Pin UV Output Leakage Current at UVOUT Pin Reverse Current from Battery (When VCC Is Not Connected, VSW Is Floating)
2
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WW
W
mA mA mV mV mV mV mV mV V A V A A
LT1769
The q denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. VCC = 16V, VBAT = 8V, VMAX (maximum operating VCC) = 28V, RS2 = RS3 = 200 (see Block Diagram), VCLN = VCC. No load on any outputs unless otherwise noted.
PARAMETER Overall Boost Pin Current VCC = 20V, VBOOST = 0V VCC = 28V, VBOOST = 0V 2V VBOOST - VCC < 8V (Switch ON) 8V VBOOST - VCC 25V (Switch ON) 8V VCC VMAX, ISW = 2A, VBOOST - VSW 2V VBOOST = 24V, ISW 2A VSW = 0V, VCC 20V 20V < VCC 28V
q q q q q
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS A A mA mA
0.1 0.25 6 8
10 20 9 12
Switch Switch ON Resistance IBOOST/ISW During Switch ON Switch OFF Leakage Current Minimum IPROG for Switch ON Minimum IPROG for Switch OFF at VPROG 1V Maximum VBAT for Switch ON Current Sense Amplifier CA1 Inputs (Sense, BAT) Input Bias Current Input Common Mode Low Input Common Mode High SPIN Input Current Reference Reference Voltage (Note 3) Reference Voltage Oscillator Switching Frequency Switching Frequency Maximum Duty Cycle TA = 25C Current Amplifier CA2 Transconductance Maximum VC for Switch OFF IVC Current (Out of Pin) VC 0.6V VC < 0.45V VC = 1V, IVC = 1A
q q q q q
0.15 25 2 4 2 1 4 2.4
0.25 35 100 200 20
mA/A A A A mA
VCC - 2
V A V
- 50 - 0.25
- 125
VCC - 2 - 100 - 200
V A
RPROG = 4.93k, Measured at OVP with VA Supplying IPROG and Switch OFF All Conditions of VCC, TJ 0C TJ < 0C (Note 4)
q q
2.448 2.441 2.43
2.465
2.477 2.489 2.489
V V V
180 All Conditions of VCC, TJ 0C TJ < 0C
q q q
200 200
220 230 230
kHz kHz kHz % % mho V A mA
170 160 85 90
93
150
250
550 0.6 100 3
3
LT1769
The q denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. VCC = 16V, VBAT = 8V, VMAX (maximum operating VCC) = 28V. No load on any outputs unless otherwise noted.
PARAMETER Voltage Amplifier VA Transconductance (Note 3) Output Source Current OVP Input Bias Current Current Limit Amplifier CL1, 8V Input Common Mode Turn-On Threshold Transconductance CLP Input Current CLN Input Current 0.75mA Output Current Output Current from 50A to 500A 0.75mA Output Current, VUV 0.4V 0.75mA Output Current VUV 0.4V 93 0.5 100 1 0.3 0.8 107 2 1 2 mV mho A mA Output Current from 50A to 500A VOVP = VREF + 10mV, VPROG = VREF + 10mV At 0.75mA VA Output Current At 0.75mA VA Output Current, TJ > 90C 0.25 1.1 3 -10 10 25 0.6 1.3 mho mA nA nA CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life of a device may be impaired. Note 2: Tested with Test Circuit 1.
Note 3: Tested with Test Circuit 2. Note 4: A linear interpolation can be used for reference voltage specification between 0C and - 40C.
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Efficiency of Figure 1 Circuit
100 98 96 94
EFFICIENCY (%) 8
VIN = 16.5 VBAT = 8.4V
ICC (mA)
90 88 86 84 82 80 0.2 0.6
CHARGER EFFICIENCY
0C 4 3 25C 125C
ICC (mA)
92
INCLUDES LOSS IN DIODE D3
1.0 1.4 IBAT (A)
4
UW
1.8
1769 G01
ICC vs Duty Cycle
VCC = 16V
ICC vs VCC
7.0 MAXIMUM DUTY CYCLE 0C 25C
7 6 5
6.5
6.0 125C 5.5
2
5.0
1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 DUTY CYCLE (%) 70 80
4.5 0 5 10 15 VCC (V) 20 25 30
1769 G03
2.2
1769 G02
LT1769 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
VREF Line Regulation
0.003 0.002
3 4
0.001
VREF (V)
VOVP (mV)
0
-0.001
1
-0.002 -0.003
0
0
5
Maximum Duty Cycle
98 97 96 DUTY CYCLE (%) 95
IVC (mA)
94 93 92 91 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 TEMPERATURE (C)
1769 G06
PROG Pin Characteristics
6
2.470 2.468
125C
IPROG (mA)
REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V)
0
-6 0 1 2 3 VPROG (V) 4 5
1769 G08
UW
10
IVA vs VOVP (Voltage Amplifier)
ALL TEMPERATURES
2 125C
25C
15 VCC (V)
20
25
30
1769 G04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 IVA (mA)
1769 G05
VC Pin Characteristics
-1.20 -1.08 -0.96 -0.84 -0.72 -0.60 -0.48 -0.36 -0.24 -0.12 0 0.12 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 VC (V)
1769 G07
Reference Voltage vs Temperature
2.466 2.464 2.462 2.460 2.458 0 25 50 75 100 TEMPERATURE 125 150
25C
1769 G09
5
LT1769
PIN FUNCTIONS
GND (Pins 1 to 3, 7, 8, 14, 15, 22, 26 to 28): Ground Pins. Must be connected to expanded PC lands for proper heat sinking. See Applications Information section for details. SW (Pin 4): Switch Output. The Schottky catch diode must be placed with very short lead length in close proximity to SW pin and GND. BOOST (Pin 5): This pin is used to bootstrap and drive the switch power NPN transistor to a low on-voltage for low power dissipation. In normal operation, VBOOST = VCC + VBAT when switch is on. Maximum allowable VBOOST is 55V. UV (Pin 6): Undervoltage Lockout Input. The rising threshold is at 6.7V with a hysteresis of 0.5V. Switching stops in undervoltage lockout. When the supply (normally the wall adapter output) to the chip is removed, the UV pin has to be pulled down to below 0.7V (a 5k resistor from adapter output to GND is required) otherwise the reverse battery current drained by the chip will be approximately 200A instead of 3A. Do not leave UV pin floating. If it is connected to VIN with no resistor divider, the built-in 6.7V undervoltage lockout will be effective. OVP (Pin 9): This is the input to the amplifier VA with a threshold of 2.465V. Typical input current is about 3nA out of pin. For charging lithium-ion batteries, VA monitors the battery voltage and reduces charging when battery voltage reaches the preset value. If it is not used, the OVP pin should be grounded. CLP (Pin 10): This is the positive input to the supply current limit amplifier CL1. The threshold is set at 100mV. When used to limit supply current, a filter is needed to filter out the 200kHz switching noise. CLN (Pin 11): This is the negative input to the amplifier CL1. COMP1 (Pin 12): This is the compensation node for the amplifier CL1. A 200pF capacitor is required from this pin to GND if input current amplifier CL1 is used. At input adapter current limit, this node rises to 1V. By forcing COMP1 low with an external transistor, amplifier CL1 will be defeated (no adapter current limit). COMP1 can source 200A. SENSE (Pin 13): Current Amplifier CA1 Input. Sensing can be at either terminal of the battery. SPIN (Pin 16): This pin is for the internal amplifier CA1 bias. It has to be connected to RS1 as shown in the 2A Lithium Battery Charger (Figure 1). BAT (Pin 17): Current Amplifier CA1 Input. COMP2 (Pin 18): This is also a compensation node for the amplifier CL1. It gets up to 2.8V at input adapter current limit and/or at constant-voltage charging. UVOUT (Pin 19): This is an open-collector output for undervoltage lockout status. It stays low in undervoltage state. With an external pull-up resistor, it goes high at valid VCC. Note that the base drive of the open-collector NPN comes from CLN pin. UVOUT stays low only when CLN is higher than 2V. Pull-up current should be kept under 100A. VC (Pin 20): This is the control signal of the inner loop of the current mode PWM. Switching starts at 0.7V. Higher VC corresponds to higher charging current in normal operation. A capacitor of at least 0.33F to GND filters out noise and controls the rate of soft start. To shut down switching, pull this pin low. Typical output current is 30A. PROG (Pin 21): This pin is for programming the charging current and for system loop compensation. During normal operation, VPROG stays close to 2.465V. If it is shorted to GND the switching will stop. When a microprocessor controlled DAC is used to program charging current, it must be capable of sinking current at a compliance up to 2.465V. VCC1, VCC2, VCC3 (Pins 23 to 25): This is the supply of the chip. For good bypass, a low ESR capacitor of 15F or higher is required, with the lead length kept to a minimum. VCC should be between 8V and 28V and at least 3V higher than VBAT. Undervoltage lockout starts and switching stops when VCC goes below 7V. Note that there is a parasitic diode inside from SW pin to VCC pin. Do not force VCC below SW by more than 0.7V with battery present. All three VCC pins should be shorted together close to the pins.
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LT1769
BLOCK DIAGRAM
UV
+
6.7V 200kHz OSCILLATOR SHUTDOWN VCC S BOOST
+
0.7V
+
VSW
- -
VCC
+
1.5V VBAT PWM GND C1
R2
R3
VC 75k
CA2 VREF gm = 0.64
+
-
+
B1 CA1
-
-
+
W
UVOUT R R R SLOPE COMPENSATION VCC SPIN SENSE RS3 IBAT RS1 QSW SW
+ + + -
R1 1k IPROG BAT RS2 BAT
- +
VA
0VP VREF 2.465V 100mV
-
+
CL1
+
CLP
-
CLN COMP1 COMP2
PROG IPROG RPROG
CPROG
)(R ) (I IBAT = PROG S2 RS1 RS2 = 2.465V RPROG RS1 (RS3 = RS2)
1769 BD
( )( )
7
LT1769
TEST CIRCUITS
Test Circuit 1
SPIN LT1769 SENSE RS3 200 RS2 200 RS1 10
+
CA1 1k VREF
VC 0.047F 60k
CA2
+
1k LT1006
1769 TC01
+
-
0.65V 20k
LT1769 VA
IPROG
0.47F
RPROG
2.465V
1769 TC02
OPERATION
The LT1769 is a current mode PWM step-down (buck) switcher. The battery DC charging current is programmed by a resistor RPROG (or a DAC output current) at the PROG pin (see Block Diagram). Amplifier CA1 converts the charging current through RS1 to a much lower current IPROG fed into the PROG pin. Amplifier CA2 compares the output of CA1 with the programmed current and drives the PWM loop to force them to be equal. High DC accuracy is achieved with averaging capacitor CPROG. Note that IPROG has both AC and DC components. IPROG goes through R1 and generates a ramp signal that is fed to the PWM control comparator C1 through buffer B1 and level shift resistors R2 and R3, forming the current mode inner loop. The BOOST pin drives the switch NPN QSW into saturation and reduces power loss. For batteries like lithium-ion that require both constant-current and constant-voltage charging, the 0.5%, 2.465V reference and the amplifier VA reduce the charging current when battery voltage reaches the preset level. For NiMH and NiCd, VA can be used for overvoltage protection. When input voltage is not present, the charger goes into low current (3A typically) sleep mode as input drops down to 0.7V below battery voltage. To shut down the charger, simply pull the VC pin low with a transistor.
8
+
+
-
- +
1F 300 RPROG
PROG 10k
-
BAT
+
VBAT
PROG
Test Circuit 2
OVP
+ -
VREF 10k
LT1013
U
LT1769
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Input and Output Capacitors In the 2A Lithium Battery Charger (Figure 1), the input capacitor (CIN) is assumed to absorb all input switching ripple current in the converter, so it must have adequate ripple current rating. Worst-case RMS ripple current will be equal to one half of output charging current. Actual capacitance value is not critical. Solid tantalum capacitors such as the AVX TPS and Sprague 593D series have high ripple current rating in a relatively small surface mount package, but caution must be used when tantalum capacitors are used for input bypass. High input surge currents can be created when the adapter is hot-plugged to the charger and solid tantalum capacitors have a known failure mechanism when subjected to very high turn-on surge currents. Highest possible voltage rating on the capacitor will minimize problems. Consult with the manufacturer before use. Alternatives include new high capacity ceramic (5F to 20F) from Tokin or United Chemi-Con/ Marcon, et al. Sanyo OS-CON can also be used. The output capacitor (COUT) is also assumed to absorb output switching current ripple. The general formula for capacitor current is: ramping up when VC voltage reaches 0.7V and full current is achieved with VC at 1.1V. With a 0.33F capacitor, time to reach full charge current is about 10ms and it is assumed that input voltage to the charger will reach full value in less than 10ms. The capacitor can be increased up to 1F if longer input start-up times are needed. In any switching regulator, conventional timer-based soft starting can be defeated if the input voltage rises much slower than the time out period. This happens because the switching regulators in the battery charger and the computer power supply are typically supplying a fixed amount of power to the load. If input voltage comes up slowly compared to the soft-start time, the regulators will try to deliver full power to the load when the input voltage is still well below its final value. If the adapter is current limited, it cannot deliver full power at reduced output voltages and the possibility exists for a quasi "latch" state where the adapter output stays in a current limited state at reduced output voltage. For instance, if maximum charger plus computer load power is 25W, a 15V adapter might be current limited at 2A. If adapter voltage is less than (25W/2A = 12.5V) when full power is drawn, the adapter voltage will be sucked down by the constant 25W load until it reaches a lower stable state where the switching regulators can no longer supply full load. This situation can be prevented by utilizing undervoltage lockout, set higher than the minimum adapter voltage where full power can be achieved. A fixed undervoltage lockout of 7V is built into the VCC pin, but an additional adjustable lockout is also available on the UV pin. Internal lockout is performed by clamping the VC pin low. The VC pin is released from its clamped state when the UV pin rises above 6.7V and is pulled low when the UV pin drops below 6.2V (0.5V hysteresis). At the same time UVOUT goes high with an external pull-up resistor. This signal can be used to alert the system that charging is about to start. The charger will start delivering current about 4ms after VC is released, as set by the 0.33F capacitor. A resistor divider is used to set the desired VCC lockout voltage as shown in Figure 2. A typical value for R6 is 5k and R5 is found from: R5 = R6(VIN - VUV ) VUV
V 0.29 (VBAT) 1 - BAT VCC IRMS = (L1)(f)
(
)
For example, VCC = 16V, VBAT = 8.4V, L1 = 20H, and f = 200kHz, IRMS = 0.3A. EMI considerations usually make it desirable to minimize ripple current in the battery leads, and beads or inductors may be added to increase battery impedance at the 200kHz switching frequency. Switching ripple current splits between the battery and the output capacitor depending on the ESR of the output capacitor and the battery impedance. If the ESR of COUT is 0.2 and the battery impedance is raised to 4 with a bead or inductor, only 5% of the current ripple will flow in the battery. Soft Start The LT1769 is soft started by the 0.33F capacitor on the VC pin. On start-up, VC pin voltage will rise quickly to 0.5V, then ramp at a rate set by the internal 45A pull-up current and the external capacitor. Battery charging current starts
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U
U
9
LT1769
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
VUV = Rising lockout threshold on the UV pin VIN = Charger input voltage that will sustain full load power Example: With R6 = 5k, VUV = 6.7V and setting VIN at 12V; R5 = 5k (12V - 6.7V)/6.7V = 4k The resistor divider should be connected directly to the adapter output as shown, not to the VCC pin to prevent battery drain with no adapter voltage. If the UV pin is not used, connect it to the adapter output (not VCC) and connect a resistor no greater than 5k to ground. Floating the pin will cause reverse battery current to increase from 3A to 200A. If connecting the unused UV pin to the adapter output is not possible for some reason, it can be grounded. Although it would seem that grounding the pin creates a permanent lockout state, the UV circuitry is arranged for phase reversal with low voltages on the UV pin to allow the grounding technique to work.
100mV
+
CL1
+
CLP 1F
-
CLN
500 AC ADAPTER OUTPUT VIN R5
VCC
RS4*
+
LT1769 UV *RS4 = 100mV ADAPTER CURRENT LIMIT R6
1769 F02
Figure 2. Adapter Current Limiting
Adapter Limiting An important feature of the LT1769 is the ability to automatically adjust charging current to a level which avoids overloading the wall adapter. This allows the product to operate at the same time that batteries are being charged without complex load management algorithms. Additionally, batteries will automatically be charged at the maximum possible rate of which the adapter is capable.
10
U
W
U
U
This feature is created by sensing total adapter output current and adjusting charging current downward if a preset adapter current limit is exceeded. True analog control is used, with closed-loop feedback ensuring that adapter load current remains within limits. Amplifier CL1 in Figure 2 senses the voltage across RS4, connected between the CLP and CLN pins. When this voltage exceeds 100mV, the amplifier will override programmed charging current to limit adapter current to 100mV/RS4. A lowpass filter formed by 500 and 1F is required to eliminate switching noise. If the current limit is not used, both CLP and CLN pins should be connected to VCC. Charging Current Programming The basic formula for charging current is (see Block Diagram):
IBAT = IPROG
( )(
RS2 2.465V = RS1 RPROG
)( )
RS2 RS1
where RPROG is the total resistance from PROG pin to ground. For the sense amplifier CA1 biasing purpose, RS3 should have the same value as RS2 and SPIN should be connected directly to the sense resistor (RS1) as shown in the Block Diagram. For example, 2A charging current is needed. To have low power dissipation on RS1 and enough signal to drive the amplifier CA1, let RS1 = 100mV/2A = 0.05. This limits RS1 power to 0.2W. Let RPROG = 5k, then:
(I )(R )(R ) RS2 = RS3 = BAT PROG S1 2.465V (2A)(5k)(0.05) = = 200 2.465V
Charging current can also be programmed by pulse width modulating IPROG with a switch Q1 to RPROG at a frequency higher than a few kHz (Figure 3). Charging current will be proportional to the duty cycle of the switch with full current at 100% duty cycle.
LT1769
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
LT1769 PROG 300 RPROG 4.7k 5V 0V Q1 VN2222 PWM
1769 F03
CPROG 1F
IBAT = (DC)(2A)
Figure 3. PWM Current Programming
Lithium-Ion Charging The 2A Lithium Battery Charger (Figure 1) charges lithiumion batteries at a constant 2A until battery voltage reaches a limit set by R3 and R4. The charger will then automatically go into a constant-voltage mode with current decreasing to zero over time as the battery reaches full charge. This is the normal regimen for lithium-ion charging, with the charger holding the battery at "float" voltage indefinitely. In this case no external sensing of full charge is needed. Battery Voltage Sense Resistors Selection To minimize battery drain when the charger is off, current through the R3/R4 divider is set at 15A. The input current to the OVP pin is 3nA and the error can be neglected. With divider current set at 15A, R4 = 2.465/15A = 162k and, Some battery manufacturers recommend termination of constant-voltage float mode after charging current has dropped below a specified level (typically around 10% of the full current) and a further time out period of 30 minutes to 90 minutes has elapsed. This may extend the life of the battery, so check with manufacturers for details. The circuit in Figure 5 will detect when charging current has dropped below 270mA. This logic signal is used to initiate a timeout period, after which the LT1769 can be shut down by pulling the VC pin low with an open collector or drain. Some external means must be used to detect the need for additional charging or the charger may be turned on periodically to complete a short float-voltage cycle. Current trip level is determined by the battery voltage, R1 through R3 and the sense resistor (RS1). D2 generates hysteresis in the trip level to avoid multiple comparator transitions.
R3 12k 0.25% LT1769 OVP R4 4.99k 0.25%
1769 F04
R3 =
(R4)(VBAT - 2.465) = 162k (8.4 - 2.465)
2.465 2.465
= 390k
Li-Ion batteries typically require float voltage accuracy of 1% to 2%. Accuracy of the LT1769 OVP voltage is 0.5% at 25C and 1% over full temperature. This leads to the possibility that very accurate (0.1%) resistors might be needed for R3 and R4. Actually, the temperature of the LT1769 will rarely exceed 50C in float mode because charging currents have tapered off to a low level, so 0.25% resistors will normally provide the required level of overall accuracy.
U
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U
U
When power is on, there is about 200A of current flowing out of the BAT and SENSE pins. If the battery is removed during charging, and total load including R3 and R4 is less than the 200A, VBAT could float up to VCC even though the loop has turned switching off. To keep VBAT regulated to the battery voltage in this condition, R3 and R4 can be chosen to draw 0.5mA and Q3 can be added to disconnect them when power is off (Figure 4). R5 isolates the OVP pin from any high frequency noise on VIN. An alternative way is to use a Zener diode with a breakdown voltage two or three volts higher than battery voltage to clamp the VBAT voltage.
VBAT 4.2V
+ - +
VIN
Q3 VN2222
R5 220k
-
4.2V
Figure 4. Disconnecting Voltage Divider
11
LT1769
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
IBAT RS3 200 SENSE RS1 0.05 RS2 200 LT1769 BAT VBAT R1* C1 1.6k 0.1F ADAPTER OUTPUT BAT
3.3V OR 5V R4 470k NEGATIVE EDGE TO TIMER
D1 1N4148 3
- +
1
8 7 4
LT1011 2 R2 560k R3 430k D2 1N4148
* TRIP CURRENT = =
R1(VBAT) (R2 + R3)(RS1)
(1.6k)(8.4V) 270mA (560k + 430k)(0.05)
1769 F04
Figure 5. Current Comparator for Initiating Float Time Out
Nickel-Cadmium and Nickel-Metal-Hydride Charging The circuit in the 2A Lithium Battery Charger (Figure 1) can be modified to charge NiCd or NiMH batteries. For example, 2-level charging is needed; 1A when Q1 is on and 100mA when Q1 is off.
LT1769 PROG R1 49.3k Q1 R2 5.49k
300 1F
1769 F05
Figure 6. 2-Level Charging
For 1A full current, the current sense resistor (RS1) should be increased to 0.1 so that enough signal (10mV) will be across RS1 at 0.1A trickle charge to keep charging current accurate.
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For a 2-level charger, R1 and R2 are found from:
R1 =
(2.465)(2000 )
ILOW
R2 =
(2.465)(2000 )
IHI - ILOW
All battery chargers with fast charge rates require some means to detect full charge state in the battery to terminate the high charging current. NiCd batteries are typically charged at high current until temperature rise or battery voltage decrease is detected as an indication of near full charge. The charging current is then reduced to a much lower value and maintained as a constant trickle charge. An intermediate "top off" current may be used for a fixed time period to reduce 100% charge time. NiMH batteries are similar in chemistry to NiCd but have two differences related to charging. First, the inflection characteristic in battery voltage as full charge is approached is not nearly as pronounced. This makes it more difficult to use dV/dt as an indicator of full charge, and change of temperature is more often used with a temperature sensor in the battery pack. Secondly, constant trickle charge may not be recommended. Instead, a moderate level of current is used on a pulse basis ( 1% to 5% duty cycle) with the time-averaged value substituting for a constant low trickle. Please contact the Linear Technology Applications department about charge termination circuits. If overvoltage protection is needed, R3 and R4 should be calculated according to the procedure described in LithiumIon Charging section. The OVP pin should be grounded if not used. When a microprocessor DAC output is used to control charging current, it must be capable of sinking current at a compliance up to 2.5V if connected directly to the PROG pin. Thermal Calculations If the LT1769 is used for charging currents above 1A, a thermal calculation should be done to ensure that junction temperature will not exceed 125C. Power dissipation in the IC is caused by bias and driver current, switch resistance and switch transition losses. The GN package, with a thermal resistance of 35C/W, can provide a full 2A charging current in many situations. A graph is shown in the Typical Performance Characteristics section.
LT1769
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
PBIAS = (3.5mA )(VIN) + 1.5mA(VBAT ) +
(VBAT )
VIN
2
[7.5mA + (0.012)(IBAT )]
VX
(IBAT )(VBAT )2 1+ VBAT 30 PDRIVER = 55(VIN) (I ) (RSW )(VBAT ) + t V I f PSW = BAT ( OL)( IN)( BAT )( ) VIN
2
RSW = Switch ON resistance 0.16 tOL = Effective switch overlap time 10ns f = 200kHz Example: VIN = 19V, VBAT = 12.6V, IBAT = 2A:
PBIAS = 3.5mA 19 + 1.5mA 12.6
2
( (12.6) +
19
)( )
()
[7.5mA + (0.012)(2000mA)] = 0.35W
2 2
PDRIVER
PSW
19 = 0.42 + 0.08 = 0.5W
(2)(12.6) 1+ 12.6 30 = 0.43W = 55(19) (2) (0.16)(12.6) + 10 (19)(2)(200kHz) =
-9
Total Power in the IC is: 0.35 + 0.43 + 0.5 = 1.3W Temperature rise will be (1.3W)(35C/W) = 46C. This assumes that the LT1769 is properly heat sunk by connecting the seven fused ground pins to expanded traces and that the PC board has a backside or internal plane for heat spreading. The PDRIVER term can be reduced by connecting the boost diode D2 (see Figure 1) to a lower system voltage (lower than VBAT) instead of VBAT.
(IBAT )(VBAT )(VX ) 1+ VX 30 Then PDRIVER = 55(VIN )
For example, VX = 3.3V then:
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SW C2 L1 D2 SPIN LT1769 BOOST
IVX
+
10F
1769 F07
Figure 7. Lower VBOOST
PDRIVER
.3 (2A)(12.6V)(3.3V) 1+ 330V = = 0.09 W 55(19V )
The average IVX required is: PDRIVER 0.09 W = = 28mA 3.3V VX Fused-lead packages conduct most of their heat out the leads. This makes it very important to provide as much PC board copper around the leads as is practical. Total thermal resistance of the package-board combination is dominated by the characteristics of the board in the immediate area of the package. This means both lateral thermal resistance across the board and vertical thermal resistance through the board to other copper layers. Each layer acts as a thermal heat spreader that increases the heat sinking effectiveness of extended areas of the board. Total board area becomes an important factor when the area of the board drops below about 20 square inches. The graph in Figure 8 shows thermal resistance vs board area for 2-layer and 4-layer boards with continuous copper planes. Note that 4-layer boards have significantly lower thermal resistance, but both types show a rapid increase for reduced board areas. Figure 9 shows actual measured lead temperatures for chargers operating at full current. Battery voltage and input voltage will affect device power dissipation, so the data sheet power calculations must be used to extrapolate these readings to other situations. Vias should be used to connect board layers together. Planes under the charger area can be cut away from the
13
LT1769
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 0 5 20 15 25 10 BOARD AREA (IN2) 30 35
1769 F08
THERMAL RESISTANCE (C/W)
2-LAYER BOARD
4-LAYER BOARD MEASURED FROM AIR AMBIENT TO DIE USING COPPER LANDS AS SHOWN ON DATA SHEET
Figure 8. LT1769 Thermal Resistance
HIGH DUTY CYCLE CONNECTION VIN
70
LEAD TEMPERATURE ON PINS 1, 2, 3 (C)
60
NOTE: PEAK DIE TEMPERATURE WILL BE ABOUT 15C HIGHER AT 2A CHARGE CURRENT VIN = 19V VBAT = 12.3V VBOOST = 5V 2-LAYER BOARD ROOM TEMP = 24C 5 IN2 BOARD
50
40 25 IN2 BOARD 30
20
0
1 0.5 1.5 CHARGE CURRENT (A)
2
1769 F09
Figure 9. LT1769 Lead Temperature
rest of the board and connected with vias to form both a low thermal resistance system and to act as a ground plane for reduced EMI. Glue-on, chip-mounted heat sinks are effective only in moderate power applications where the PC board copper cannot be used, or where the board size is small. They offer very little improvement in a properly laid out multilayer board of reasonable size. Higher Duty Cycle for the LT1769 Battery Charger Maximum duty cycle for the LT1769 is typically 90%, but this may be too low for some applications. For example, if an 18V 3% adapter is used to charge ten NiMH cells, the charger must put out 15V maximum. A total of 1.6V is lost in the input diode, switch resistance, inductor resistance
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STANDARD CONNECTION SW BOOST LT1769 SPIN SENSE BAT
HIGH DUTY CYCLE CONNECTION SW BOOST LT1679 SPIN VX 3V TO 6V SENSE BAT CX 10F VBAT
C3 0.47F D2
C3 0.47F D2
VBAT
+
+
1769 F10
Figure 10. High Duty Cycle
Q1
+
Q2 D1 C2 0.47F D2 VX 3V TO 6V SW VCC
RX 50k
BOOST LT1769 SPIN
Q1 = Si4435DY Q2 = TP0610L
SENSE
BAT
CX 10F
+
VBAT
1769 F11
Figure 11. Replacing the Input Diode
and parasitics, so the required duty cycle is 15/16.4 = 91.4%. As it turns out, duty cycle can be extended to 93% by restricting boost voltage to 5V instead of using VBAT as is normally done. This lower boost voltage also reduces power dissipation in the LT1769, so it is a win-win decision. Connect an external source of 3V to 6V at VX node in Figure 10 with a 10F CX bypass capacitor. Even Lower Dropout For even lower dropout and/or reducing heat on the board, the input diode D3 should be replaced with a FET (see Figure 11). It is pretty straightforward to connect a P-channel FET across the input diode and connect its gate to the battery so that the FET commutates off when the
LT1769
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
input goes low. The problem is that the gate must be pumped low so that the FET is fully turned on even when the input is only a volt or two above the battery voltage. Also there is a turn-off speed issue. The FET should turn off instantly when the input is dead shorted to avoid large current surges from the battery back through the charger into the FET. Gate capacitance slows turn-off, so a small P-channel (Q2) is to discharge the gate capacitance quickly in the event of an input short. The body diode of Q2 creates the necessary pumping action to keep the gate of Q1 low during normal operation. Note that Q1 and Q2 have a VGS spec limit of 20V. This restricts VIN to a maximum of 20V. For low dropout operation with VIN > 20V consult factory. Optional Connection of Input Diode and Current Sense Resistor The typical application shown in Figure 1 on the first page of this data sheet shows a single diode to isolate the VCC pin from the adapter input. This simple connection may be unacceptable in situations where the main system power
R7 500 CLP LT1769 CLN SW VCC D3 ADAPTER IN RS4 TO SYSTEM POWER
+
C1 1F
L1
PARASITIC INTERNAL DIODE RS1
+
CIN
1769 F12a
Figure 12a. Standard Connection
R7 500 CLP LT1769 SW CLN VCC
+
C1 1F
ADAPTER IN RS4 TO SYSTEM POWER
L1
PARASITIC INTERNAL DIODE RS1
+
CIN
D3
D4
1769 F12b
Figure 12b. Modified Input Diode Connection
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must be disconnected from both the battery and the adapter under some conditons. In paticular, if the adapter is disconnected or turned off and it is desired to also disconnect the system load from the battery, the system will remain powered through the parasitic diode from the SW pin to the VCC pin. The circuit in Figure 12b allows system power to go to 0V without drawing battery current by adding an additional diode, D4. To ensure proper operation, the LT1769 current sense amplifier inputs (CLP and CLN) were designed to work above VCC and not to draw current from VCC when the inputs are pulled to ground by a powered-down adapter. Layout Considerations Switch rise and fall times are under 10ns for maximum efficiency. To prevent radiation, the catch diode, SW pin and input bypass capacitor leads should be kept as short as possible. A ground plane should be used under the switching circuitry to prevent interplane coupling and to act as a thermal spreading path. All ground pins should be connected to expanded traces for low thermal resistance. The fast-switching high current ground path, including the switch, catch diode and input capacitor, should be kept very short. Catch diode and input capacitor should be close to the chip and terminated to the same point. This path contains nanosecond rise and fall times with several amps of current. The other paths contain only DC and/or 200kHz tri-wave and are less critical. Figure 13 indicates the high speed, high current switching path. Figure 14 shows critical path layout. Contact Linear Technology for an actual LT1769 circuit PCB layout or Gerber file.
SWITCH NODE L1 VBAT HIGH FREQUENCY CIRCULATING PATH
VIN
CIN
D1
COUT
BAT
1769 F13
Figure 13. High Speed Switching Path
15
LT1769
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
GND
L1 TO GND GND GND GND TO GND
NOTE: CONNECT ALL GND PINS TO EXPANDED PC LANDS FOR PROPER HEAT SINKING
Figure 14. Critical Electrical and Thermal Path Layout
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
Dimensions in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted. GN Package 28-Lead Plastic SSOP (Narrow 0.150)
(LTC DWG # 05-08-1641)
0.386 - 0.393* (9.804 - 9.982) 0.033 (0.838) REF
0.015 0.004 x 45 (0.38 0.10) 0.0075 - 0.0098 (0.191 - 0.249) 0.016 - 0.050 (0.406 - 1.270) 0 - 8 TYP
0.053 - 0.069 (1.351 - 1.748)
0.008 - 0.012 (0.203 - 0.305)
* DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE ** DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE
RELATED PARTS
PART NUMBER LTC(R)1325 LT1372/LT1377 LT1376 LT1505 LT1510 LT1511 LT1512 DESCRIPTION Microprocessor-Controlled Battery Management System 500kHz/1MHz Step-Up Switching Regulators 500kHz Step-Down Switching Regulator High Current, High Efficiency Battery Charger Constant-Voltage/Constant-Current Battery Charger Constant-Voltage/Constant-Current Battery Charger SEPIC Battery Charger COMMENTS Can Charge, Discharge and Gas Gauge NiCd and Lead-Acid Batteries with Software Charging Profiles High Frequency, Small Inductor, High Efficiency Switchers, 1.5A Switch High Frequency, Small Inductor, High Efficiency Switcher, 1.5A Switch 94% Efficiency, Synchronous Current Mode PWM Up to 1.5A Charge Current for Lithium-Ion, NiCd and NiMH Batteries Up to 3A Charge Current for Lithium-Ion, NiCd and NiMH Batteries VIN Can Be Higher or Lower Than Battery Voltage
1769i LT/TP 0399 4K * PRINTED IN USA
16
Linear Technology Corporation
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
(408)432-1900 q FAX: (408) 434-0507 q www.linear-tech.com
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D1
CIN
GND SW GND GND
GND GND VCC1
RS1 COUT GND
1769 F14
0.004 - 0.009 (0.102 - 0.249)
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 1615
0.025 (0.635) BSC
0.229 - 0.244 (5.817 - 6.198)
0.150 - 0.157** (3.810 - 3.988)
GN28 (SSOP) 0398
1
23
4
56
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1999

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